Seperation Of Church From State Essay example -- essays research paper

Separation Of Church And State The separation of the state from the church has been present in the constitution ever since it was written. The first amendment relates to a citizens freedom. This freedom does not only allow this practice speech but on thought as well. It states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15). When the constitution was formed society in general belonged to Orthodox Christian. John Quincy Adams, in a speech on July 4,1837 asked the crowd, â€Å"Why is it, that next to the birthday of the Savior of the World, your most joyous and venerated festival returns on this day?† He goes on to explain the important ties between the birthday of the nation and the birthday of Jesus Christ. He says that the Declaration of Independence was first organized on the foundation of Jesus' mission on Earth, and that the Declaration â€Å"laid the cornerstone of human government upon the fir st precepts of Christianity. Adams stressed that the major impact of the Revolution was that Christian principles and civil government were connected in an â€Å"indissoluble† bond. (Barton, America's p.17) Other Founding Fathers were very outspoken about Christian beliefs. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and one of the men most responsible for the Constitution declared, â€Å"Providence(heaven) has given to our people the choice of their rulers, and it is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest, of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christian rulers.† (Barton, America's p.8) The law always stated the seperation of the two, the actual limitation was in its implementation in the cases of Everson v. Board of Education and Engel v. Vitale, the Supreme Court uses Jefferson and Madison's Virginia Statute, a bill that both men pushed in Virginia legislature, as a basis for the intent of the 1st Amendment. Jefferson and Madison pushed for the Virginia Bill for Religious Liberty, also called the Virginia Statute. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in grades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 198... ...ft and Right Relentlessly Censor Each Other. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1992. 345 Wyatt, Robert O. Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating The 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment. Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University, 1990. 87. Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment. Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University, 1990. 87. United States. Natl. Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America: Amendment I. Trans. Lowi, Theodore J. American Government: Incomplete Conquest. Illinois: Dryden press, 1976. A24 "School Board Bans Open Forums to Prohibit a Student Group Prayer."\Christ Today\(February 1, 1985) 48-49. Bosmajian, Haig. "To Pray or Not to Pray"\The Humanist Magazine,\(January/February, 198 5) 13-17. Gest, Ted. "What High Court Heard About School Prayer."\U.S. News,\(December 17, 1984) 71. Lewis, C. Anne. "Creeping Religiosity and Federal Education Policy."\PHI Delta Kappan,\(November, 1984) 163-164. Roberts, Fransis. "The Uproar Over Sch ool Prayer."\Parents,\(January 18,1985) 55-57. Seperation Of Church From State Essay example -- essays research paper Separation Of Church And State The separation of the state from the church has been present in the constitution ever since it was written. The first amendment relates to a citizens freedom. This freedom does not only allow this practice speech but on thought as well. It states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† (Barton, America: To†¦ p.15). When the constitution was formed society in general belonged to Orthodox Christian. John Quincy Adams, in a speech on July 4,1837 asked the crowd, â€Å"Why is it, that next to the birthday of the Savior of the World, your most joyous and venerated festival returns on this day?† He goes on to explain the important ties between the birthday of the nation and the birthday of Jesus Christ. He says that the Declaration of Independence was first organized on the foundation of Jesus' mission on Earth, and that the Declaration â€Å"laid the cornerstone of human government upon the fir st precepts of Christianity. Adams stressed that the major impact of the Revolution was that Christian principles and civil government were connected in an â€Å"indissoluble† bond. (Barton, America's p.17) Other Founding Fathers were very outspoken about Christian beliefs. John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and one of the men most responsible for the Constitution declared, â€Å"Providence(heaven) has given to our people the choice of their rulers, and it is the duty, as well as the privilege and interest, of our Christian nation to select and prefer Christian rulers.† (Barton, America's p.8) The law always stated the seperation of the two, the actual limitation was in its implementation in the cases of Everson v. Board of Education and Engel v. Vitale, the Supreme Court uses Jefferson and Madison's Virginia Statute, a bill that both men pushed in Virginia legislature, as a basis for the intent of the 1st Amendment. Jefferson and Madison pushed for the Virginia Bill for Religious Liberty, also called the Virginia Statute. In 1978 a few lawyers got together and considered a constitutional law. The original law said that public school teachers in grades 1-6 "shall announce that a period of silence, not to exceed one minute, shall be observed for meditation." This law did not work for long, because it still allowed oral prayer in public high schools. Later in 198... ...ft and Right Relentlessly Censor Each Other. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 1992. 345 Wyatt, Robert O. Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating The 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment. Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University, 1990. 87. Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment. Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University, 1990. 87. United States. Natl. Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America: Amendment I. Trans. Lowi, Theodore J. American Government: Incomplete Conquest. Illinois: Dryden press, 1976. A24 "School Board Bans Open Forums to Prohibit a Student Group Prayer."\Christ Today\(February 1, 1985) 48-49. Bosmajian, Haig. "To Pray or Not to Pray"\The Humanist Magazine,\(January/February, 198 5) 13-17. Gest, Ted. "What High Court Heard About School Prayer."\U.S. News,\(December 17, 1984) 71. Lewis, C. Anne. "Creeping Religiosity and Federal Education Policy."\PHI Delta Kappan,\(November, 1984) 163-164. Roberts, Fransis. "The Uproar Over Sch ool Prayer."\Parents,\(January 18,1985) 55-57.

Barilla Spa Case

Barilla SpA Case Table of Contents Executive Summary2 Issues Identification3 Environmental and Root Cause Analysis3 Alternatives or Options4 Recommendation and Implementation5 Monitor and Control6 Conclusion6 Executive Summary Barilla’s high stock out rates along with large average inventory numbers are the main reasons why Maggiali is looking to continue on with Vitali’s dream of implementing the Just In Time Distribution system. However, faced with great external resistance to its introduction, Magialli must look to top management to hop on board and facilitate its acceptance among all partners in the supply chain. Using internal distributors as experiments will allow Barilla to showcase better stock out and inventory results. By doing so, Barilla can gain the acceptance and approval of other distributors. With everyone participating in the JITD, Barilla will be better able to forecast demand and not over react to movements at the consumer level. Issues Identification Giorgio Maggiali, the current director of logistics for Barilla SpA, faces much resistance when he tries to implement a new manufacturing concept called Just-in-Time Distribution (JITD). Initially, this idea was proposed by the prior director, Brando Vitali, but is heavily supported by Maggiali as well. Because of the existing structure in the organization, fluctuations in demand at the end-user/customer level cause the whole system to react adversely. The result is an excess â€Å"safety stock† at all levels of the supply chain, leading to extra costs. This is commonly referred to as the â€Å"bullwhip effect. † Due to the resistance Maggiali faces, he must make a decision on whether or not the JITD is feasible for Barilla SpA and how to implement it with the unsupportive partners in the supply chain. Environmental and Root Cause Analysis The first concept we must understand is how significant pasta is in Italy. â€Å"Per capita pasta consumption in Italy averaged nearly 18 kilos per year, greatly exceeding that of other western European contries. † (pg. 2, Barilla SpA case study) Due to its dominance in the food market, consumers are very aware of price fluctuations and which pastas are â€Å"on sale. † Because of this, forecasting consumer demands is a vital component of the JITD. Without it, the traditional way of order-filling leads to common stock outs and excess inventory throughout the year. Because of the process pasta is made, Barilla cannot simply change its production on a whim. Its production plant must keep the kiln’s humidity and temperature at precise specifications for different types of pasta. As a result, sequential production is optimal to keep downtime and costs low for pasta manufacturing. The JITD was developed to address issues such as stock outs and to make inventory levels more manageable due to better forecasting. It will also allow Barilla to make the production and inventory decisions from a top down perspective rather than bottom to top reactionary chain (bullwhip effect). As shown in the Sales and Stock outs Chart at the Cortese Northease Distribution Centre (Exhibit 13, Barilla SpA Case study), stock outs are a regular occurrence due to the fluctuations in sales throughout the year. The main resistance from Barilla comes from sales and advertising. â€Å"Barilla’s sales strategy relied on the use of trade promotions to push product into the grocery distribution network. (pg. 6, Barilla SpA case study) It is with these sales that enable sales representatives to meet their target goals. If Barilla decides to implement the JITD, the need to push sales for the Distributors would cease to exist. Essentially, Barilla will be replacing sales by deciding how much inventory to stock each distribution centre with. It is quite clear that the sales department fears this system due to job secu rity issues. The external resistance plays a large factor in why Maggiali is unable to introduce the JITD. There are many unconvinced distributors that are unwilling to share their warehouse data. Also, they perceive that Barilla is trying to take power away from them (DC purchasers), and since they do not know too much about the JITD, they have a lack of faith in Barilla’s inventory management. Alternatives or Options Barilla can choose to forgo implementing the JITD and avert any risk in inter-department conflicts. By doing so, they save on any related costs to introduce the system. However, as Barilla expands, so does their manufacturing and distribution. The problem will continue to escalate as more inventory is pushed through the supply chain. Barilla’s other option is to continue pursuing the JITD which can benefit both the manufacturing and distribution process by reducing stock out rates and lowering inventory levels for the DCs. By lowering inventory levels, the DCs will be able to focus on obtaining more retailers so that they can increase the amount of inventory to be stored in the extra warehouse space. Barilla Pro and Con Comparison Table |Pro |Con | |Forgo JITD |Maintain relationships |Previous costs to develop JITD are lost | | |Save initial setup costs |Inventory problem is not fixed | | |Stick with what Barilla knows |Inventory costs continue to rise | |Implement JITD |Better forecasting |Major resistance/lack of cooperation | | |Lower stock outs | | | |Increased inventory space for DCs | | Recommendation and Implementation It is recommended that Maggiali continue pursuing the JITD due to the fact that the inventory management problem will only worsen as the company’s sales increases as well. However, Maggiali must find other ways of implementing the system rather than force distributors to adhere. Firstly, Maggiali must demonstrate that JITD benefits the distributors. Running an experiment of the system at one or more of the distributor’s sites gives other distributors an example to compare to. Once other distributors see what the system can do for them, they may be more willing to participate. A proposed idea would be to run this experiment through an internal distributor. Doing so will prompt less or no resistance and can be monitored closely. Secondly, Maggiali needs to involve top management so that JITD is not just a logistics issue. Having a company wide effort allows all members to participate and as a resuly, less resistance will be observed. Thirdly, since the distributors may think that Maggiali is trying to obtain power over them, Barilla can bring in a third party consultant trusted by both groups to perform an analysis to determine if in fact, the JITD is beneficial for all participants. Monitor and Control In order to determine if the JITD is advantageous over the old system, Barilla will be monitoring stock out rates and average inventory levels hroughout the year. If the results show positive results over previous data, a move should be made to communicate the benefits of the JITD to more distributors. Stock out rates and inventory levels for those distributors should also be collected to increase and confirm the effectiveness of the system. Conclusion By using an internal distributor to as an example, involv ing top level management, and recruiting a third party consultant, Barilla will be able to introduce the JITD system with very little resistance. The top down approach for Barilla’s supply chain will benefit all levels due to increased efficiency in inventory management. As a result, savings will be realized and passed down from manufacturer to consumers. In order to monitor success and build upon it, stock out rates and inventory levels will continue to be observed to determine optimal production and distribution of Barilla’s products. With this system in place, the bull-whip effect that is currently experienced, will be countered by the JITD’s ability to forecast consumer demand.

Free Essays on Professionalization (Hong Kong Case)

1. Introduction â€Å"The world has changed, so must the education system and the teaching profession!† (Education Commission, 2000.) It is of no doubt that the society has undergone unprecedented changes over the past few decades. People are becoming more and more concerned about education, from the demand for compulsory education to the quality of education. In order to cope with the rapid changes in the contemporary world and meet the challenges of the future society, the education system has also changed in order to produce what the society needs. For example, the Education Reform in the recent years no longer emphasize on the academic achievements of the students. More importantly, the aim of education should help students to achieve whole person development, as well as to engage in life-long learning (Education Commission, 2000). Teachers, as the frontline workers in the field of education, are facing a lot of challenges because they are expected to change their roles in order to echo with the new requirements of the Education Reform that aims to enhance the effectiveness of teaching and learning. As a potential frontline worker in the field of education, it is very important for me to have a deep understanding about the changes about teaching profession. This would definitely give me a comprehensive picture about my future career so that I can prepare myself for future challenges. In this assignment, the concept of teaching profession, professionalization and professionalism will be discussed in the first part. The challenges faced by teachers in recent years will then be investigated. After knowing the challenges, this assignment is going evaluate to what extent does the government help the teachers to face the challenges. 2. The concept of Teaching Profession, Professionalization, Professionalism The term â€Å" profession† has been widely used in different occupations of the society. According to Law (2001), prof... Free Essays on Professionalization (Hong Kong Case) Free Essays on Professionalization (Hong Kong Case) 1. Introduction â€Å"The world has changed, so must the education system and the teaching profession!† (Education Commission, 2000.) It is of no doubt that the society has undergone unprecedented changes over the past few decades. People are becoming more and more concerned about education, from the demand for compulsory education to the quality of education. In order to cope with the rapid changes in the contemporary world and meet the challenges of the future society, the education system has also changed in order to produce what the society needs. For example, the Education Reform in the recent years no longer emphasize on the academic achievements of the students. More importantly, the aim of education should help students to achieve whole person development, as well as to engage in life-long learning (Education Commission, 2000). Teachers, as the frontline workers in the field of education, are facing a lot of challenges because they are expected to change their roles in order to echo with the new requirements of the Education Reform that aims to enhance the effectiveness of teaching and learning. As a potential frontline worker in the field of education, it is very important for me to have a deep understanding about the changes about teaching profession. This would definitely give me a comprehensive picture about my future career so that I can prepare myself for future challenges. In this assignment, the concept of teaching profession, professionalization and professionalism will be discussed in the first part. The challenges faced by teachers in recent years will then be investigated. After knowing the challenges, this assignment is going evaluate to what extent does the government help the teachers to face the challenges. 2. The concept of Teaching Profession, Professionalization, Professionalism The term â€Å" profession† has been widely used in different occupations of the society. According to Law (2001), prof...

Why I Like Architecture Essays - Computer-aided Design, Free Essays

Why I Like Architecture Essays - Computer-aided Design, Free Essays Why I Like Architecture My future as an architect. That is now my goal that I hope to reach hopefully very soon, at first I hadnt considered architecture has a career. When I started high school I was really thinking about becoming a chef because I like to make my own creation in food but then I changed my mind when I explored drafting now I can still design or create but only now in house which is more interesting. I choose drafting because it was a shop that I like and I was good at. From my 4 years of drafting I have acquired basic skill in drafting. I have work on freehanded sketching, actual working on the board I have use the basic tools like compass, protractor, ruler measuring and many other things. Then I moved a step up on to the computer where I spent three of my years there. I learn the CAD system and how it works once learning the system I could do the basic learning about mechanical drafting then I went on to architectual drafting which was the most interesting. In architectural drafting I learn the basic on a whole set of house plans and then I drew them up on AutoCAD on the computer. I really decided to be an architect for a living after my junior year in high school. I hope to have my own business and be very successful if life that is my goal that I must reach. I have been in a state competition for architectural drafting call VICA competing against the best in the state I also like to do many things like exercise by playing basketball, which is my favorite also, playing baseball and football any thing to keep me in shape, so that must mean I not lazy. To follow my goal I hope to go to collage for architecture for six years and get my bachelors then work for a couple of years and then hopefully open my own business and come to reach my goal from the beginning. I think that is a successful life to be in. Bibliography It talks about why its is a goog field to go in

European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

European Union Law - Essay Example Muslims of Europe have fashioned a life-style and understanding of religion that can be labelled as European Islam that is diverse from that of their country of origin.2 As a result, the Muslim community within Western Europe is increasingly considered as â€Å"European community,† transnational in nature and connected by a common religion labelled as â€Å"Euro-Islam† by both scholars and policy makers. The notion of Euro-Islam outlines a liberal variety of Islam that is embraced by both Muslim migrants and to European societies and encompasses the same religion of Islam, but culturally modified to encompass European ideas of secularity and individual citizenship in line with the contemporary notions of modernity, as well as a comprehending of tolerance that surpasses the Islamic tolerance. Recent events within Europe have pushed Shari’a (Islamic law) to the centre of media attention and debate. Right from the assassination of Theo van Gogh in 2004 to the contro versial endorsement of Sharia law by Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams in 2008, the proceedings have sparked both harsh criticism and solid support of the internalization of Islam within European law and society at large. The politicization of Sharia law has generated discrepancies in these debates yielding to storm over initially embraced aspects on Islamic law while obscuring Islamic traditions that bear the potential to reconcile Sharia and western norms.3 Background Globalization and migration have served to render European societies multicultural to an unprecedented extent since 1945, and has increasingly heralded multicultural life into the court rooms and administrative institutions. In Western European countries, today, a considerable part of the population is Muslim. Since the 1950s, Muslim minorities have steadily emerged in Europe as a result of decolonization, labour migration, conflict, and civil strife within their home countries. Majority of the of Muslim popul ation entered Europe as asylum seekers owing to conflict at home countries while others came to Europe in pursuit of a higher standard of living.4 As a result, Islam had become public within Europe and over 15 million immigrants originating from Muslim-majority countries have settled within European nations over the period. This has necessitated a shift in discourse in identifying these groups, initially as migrant labourers, ethnic minorities, and eventually as a religious community.5 Islam has adapted to diverse times and places yielding to various forms of religiosity. The adaptation of Muslim religiosity within Europe has been addressed by diverse scholars as encompassing a shift from â€Å"Islam in Europe.† Majority has addressed the reinterpretation of Islam as arising from the changing concerns and needs of young Muslims; the decline in religious authority; and, the introduction of secular, liberal democracy among European states. There is a growing agreement that Isla m is gradually becoming â€Å"European,† but the major contention lies in the content and process of this Europeanization.6 The bulk of the studies on this subject centres on the normative and post-modern approaches whereby the Europeanization of Islam is perceived to arise from the individualization of religious authority among Muslims.7 Some people projects that if the present trend persists, then it

Consideration in Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Consideration in Law of Contract - Essay Example 6. Promise to perform an existing contractual obligations is a valid consideration. Definition of Consideration: Sir Frederick Pollock, defined consideration as "An act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable." Lord Dunedin ratified this definition in Dunlop v Selfridge Ltd [1915] AC 847, Patteson J defines Consideration in Thomas v Thomas [(1842) P 118)] case as "Consideration means something which is of some value in the eye of the law, moving from the plaintiff; it may be some detriment to the plaintiff or some benefit to the defendant, but at all events it must be moving from the plaintiff. [Contract Cases and Materials by H.G.Beale, W.D.Bishop and M.P.Furmston. Chapter 6 p.93] Consideration is defined by Lush J. in the case of Currie v Misa [(1875) LR 10 Exch 153, 162.] as "A valuable consideration, in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other". [Contract Cases and Materials by H.G.Beale, W.D.Bishop and M.P.Furmston. Chapter 6 p.93] Evaluation of this definition with reference to the Court of Appeal's understanding of consideration in Williams v Roffey Bros &Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1All ER 512, Court of appeal. [Contract Cases and Materials by H.G.Beale, W.D.Bishop and M.P.Furmston. Chapter 6 p.107] Before we attempt this it is necessary to know brief facts of the case. In this case Roffey Bros. are the Principal contractors undertaken the carpentry work in an apartment. In the principal... Consideration in Law of Contract The Dictionary meaning of Consideration is "Consideration means something which is of value in the eyes of the law, moving from the plaintiff, either a benefit to the plainiff or detriment to the defendant. Consideration is not to be confounded with motive." (Black's Dictionary) Consideration means "Something that is legally regarded as the equivalent or return given or suffered by one for the act or promise of another". Adequate consideration means, "Legally sufficient, lawfully and reasonably sufficient". (Webster's third new International dictionary) The word "Adequate" means fully equal requirements or occasions, commensurate, but in its primary and not more popular significance, nothing can be said to be 'adequate' which is not equal to what is required, suitable to the case or occasion, fully sufficient, proportionate, and satisfactory". Therefore the definition of consideration as defined by Lush J. in Currie v Misa case is perfectly fulfilled in this case. Hence the courts have rightly adjudicated the case in favour of the plaintiff. Another point to discuss in this case is whether there is a promissory estoppel. Before we discuss this it is better to under stand the promissory estoppel. Estoppel is an equitable doctrine: Courts apply this doctrine as discretion. It is not a remedy at law. When one party did said something to induce the other party to make a promise. At later stage if he differs as unlawful and not enforceable. The court can apply its discretion of Estoppel on sufficient proof.

Ebooks use in the Academic Field Research Paper

Ebooks use in the Academic Field - Research Paper Example Portability is also an advantage, which is clear, since it counters the bulkiness of paper books. E-books have various limitations though. For instance, some students considered e-books to be destructive and limiting since they cannot be highlighted while reading. Power failures are also a factor that greatly limits the use of e-books in the academic field. For a long time now, the public has been trying to adapt to the current technology. Technology brought with itself a multitude of factors including both benefits and limitations. Individuals could now purchase items online since there were online markets. In addition, e-learning also emerged, which involved studying from home. Individuals could now take courses without having to attend classes in school. Therefore, technology has indeed entered the world in full force without leaving any aspect of life behind (Li et al. 2011). Different generations have been affected by technology since it touches every part of life. This brings in the issue of e-books. Previously, paper was all over the world. No one knew that there could be any other form of reading apart from the physical paper. Therefore, students would carry textbooks to schools and exercise books for writing. Although the technology had already manifested itself into the world, it had not yet taken over libraries. Libraries ar ound the world were still fully stocked with printed books, books stores were still selling and publishers were still doing their jobs. However, in the year 1971, out of a project named Gutenberg, the first digital library of books was created. In the year 1993, Apple Company also started its journey towards the innovation of digital reading (Li et al. 2011). In 1999, the Franklin EB-500 Rocket eBook was invented. However, the book could only hold 4000pages and its battery life could only last for a maximum of 33 hours. Therefore, the book was not