Annotated Bibliography Of The Fish Fraud - 1665 Words

Fish Fraud has become increasingly common in fish markets and sushi restaurants where certain species are deliberately swapped for other species to obtain monetary gain (Shokralla, 2015). With the increasing globalization and demand for seafood, the biodiversity of fish species in the market increase as well (Shokralla, 2015). Moreover, a need for proper identification and product composition, apart from morphological characterization has become critical. Unfortunately, consumers are unable to differentiate between species separately from morphological variations. To prevent species fraud, DNA barcoding provides an effective method for precise species identification through comparative sequence analysis in standardized genome fragments.†¦show more content†¦The advantages of the phylogenetic species concept is it doesn’t focus on present characteristics of the organism and applies to all kinds of organisms, including extinct, sexual and asexual organisms (Wheeler, 19 99). The disadvantages is that it is hard to construct a tree with a full certainty of the evolutionary past (Aldhebani, 2017). The phylogenetic species concept is the basis for a new method of species identification called DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding uses standard genetic markers to compare DNA sequences among existing species by scanning for polymorphisms in standard sequences to differentiate between species (Hartvig, 2015). It is effective in differentiating between phenotypically similar species and is applicable to all organisms of life (Dudu, 2016). For DNA barcoding, the DNA is isolated from a sample and standard genetic markers are amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A polymorphism is differences in DNA sequence that accumulate over time (Albert, 2011). The main source of mutations occurs during DNA replication and, thus mutations can be inherited. When the frequency of the mutation increases, it can become fixed in a lineage (Albert, 2011). Polymorphisms can ind icate common ancestry among individuals by comparing standardized sequences across a species (Stoneking, 2001). Specifically, one region in theShow MoreRelatedBehind the Formaldehyde Curtain: Annotated Bibliography2656 Words   |  11 PagesBehind the Formaldehyde Curtain Part A: Annotated Bibliography Colmane, Frankie (2010). Why has it Become Standard Practice in the US to Embalm Our Dead? AlterNet. In this article, Frankie Colmane looks into how dead bodies are treated in the United State even after Mitfords expose of the funeral industry was published. The article takes both a philosophical and scientific issue with the procedure of embalming sighting proven negative effects to human beings and the environment. Colmane shows